{"id":8431,"date":"2004-03-22T09:07:03","date_gmt":"2004-03-22T09:07:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/192.168.1.14\/index.php\/2004\/03\/22\/usa-51\/"},"modified":"2025-09-01T01:22:11","modified_gmt":"2025-08-31T17:22:11","slug":"usa-51","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/usa-51\/","title":{"rendered":"USA"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"usa_b\"<\/p>\n

US laws in environmental cases<\/h4>\n

Various US laws are available to criminally prosecute owners, masters, crew in an environmental offence such as MARPOL and we suggest owners are aware of the potential seriousness of these violations when trading to the US.<\/p>\n

\u8bb8\u591a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8239\u4e1c\uff0c\u8239\u957f\u548c\u8239\u5458\u8fdd\u53cd\u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u6cd5\u89c4\u8bf8\u5982\u56fd\u9645\u9632\u6c61\u67d3\u516c\u7ea6\uff08MARPOL\uff09\u7b49\u8bfe\u4ee5\u5211\u4e8b\u5904\u7f5a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u8bf7\u8239\u4e1c\u660e\u767d\u53bb\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8239\u8236\u5bf9\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fdd\u72af\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/span> <\/p>\n

Act to prevent pollution from ships<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9632\u6b62\u8239\u8236\u9020\u6210\u6c61\u67d3\u6cd5\u4ee4
<\/span> <\/strong>
Adopts as US law the provisions of MARPOL. It is a class D felony to knowingly commit a MARPOL offence. This is punishable by up to 10 years imprisonment and a fine of up to US$250,000 for an individual and US$500,000 for a company. A vessel violating MARPOL may be arrested and sold to satisfy the fine. The security requested by the Coast Guard is a US$500,000 surety bond, and a P&I Club LOU may not be acceptable.<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636eMARPOL\u6761\u6587\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u6545\u610f\u8fdd\u53cdMARPOL\u5c06\u5b9a\u4e3aD\u7ea7\u91cd\u7f6a\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5904\u4ee5\u6700\u591a10\u5e74\u7684\u76d1\u7981\u548c\u6700\u9ad825\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u7f5a\u6b3e\uff0c\u5bf9\u516c\u53f8\u5904\u4ee5\u6700\u9ad850\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u7f5a\u6b3e\u3002\u8fdd\u53cdMARPOL\u7684\u8239\u8236\u5c06\u88ab\u6263\u7559\u5e76\u5356\u51fa\u7528\u6765\u507f\u4ed8\u7f5a\u6b3e\u3002\u6d77\u5cb8\u8b66\u536b\u961f\u8981\u6c42\u51fa\u5177\u4e00\u4efd50\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u5c65\u7ea6\u62c5\u4fdd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u4fdd\u8d54\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u62c5\u4fdd\u3002<\/span> <\/p>\n

The US authorities may revoke departure clearance for the vessel and detain the vessel where there is reasonable cause to believe the ship, owner or opertair may have committed a MARPOL offence.<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f53\u5c40\u6709\u6743\u5728\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8239\u8236\u3001\u8239\u4e1c\u6216\u8239\u8236\u7ecf\u8425\u4eba\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86MARPOL\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u65f6\u64a4\u56de\u8239\u8236\u79bb\u6e2f\u8bc1\u5e76\u6263\u7559\u8239\u8236\u3002<\/span> <\/p>\n

Clean Water Act<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6c34\u57df\u6e05\u6d01\u6cd5\u4ee4
<\/span><\/strong>
This Act prohibits the discharge of any pollutant into the waters of US or the contiguous zone. Failure to report a discharge may be punishable by imprisonment of up to 5 years.<\/p>\n

\u8be5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7981\u6b62\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6c34\u57df\u6216\u5176\u4e34\u8fd1\u533a\u57df\u6392\u653e\u4efb\u4f55\u6c61\u67d3\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u4e0d\u4e0a\u62a5\u800c\u64c5\u81ea\u6392\u653e\u6c61\u67d3\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5c06\u88ab\u5904\u4ee5\u6700\u591a5\u5e74\u7684\u76d1\u7981\u3002<\/span> <\/p>\n

Rivers and Harbour Act<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u6e2f\u53e3\u6cd5\u4ee4
<\/span><\/strong>
This Act prohibits the discharge of refuse of any kind into US waters, and the defination includes oil. Violation of the Act is a strict liability offence. Although it is said by some Clubs that strict liability offences are not covered under P&I Club rules, we are of the opinion if such offences are a result of negligence of the crew and there is no wrongdoing by the owners or the managers, we consider the P&I Club should not take a position to exclude a strict liability claim.<\/p>\n

\u8be5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7981\u6b62\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6c34\u57df\u503e\u5012\u4efb\u4f55\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u5e9f\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u6cb9\u7c7b\u3002\u8fdd\u53cd\u6b64\u6761\u6cd5\u4ee4\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u8fdd\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u534f\u4f1a\u58f0\u79f0\u4e25\u683c\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u8fdd\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4fdd\u8d54\u534f\u4f1a\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u627f\u4fdd\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u9519\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8239\u5458\u7684\u758f\u5ffd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8239\u4e1c\u548c\u7ecf\u7ba1\u4eba\u6f2b\u4e0d\u7ecf\u5fc3\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4fdd\u8d54\u534f\u4f1a\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u5c06\u4e25\u683c\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9664\u5916\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span> <\/p>\n

False Statements Act<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f2a\u8bc1\u6cd5\u4ee4<\/span> <\/span>
<\/strong>
There is a violation if concealment is found where disclosure is required by statute or form. A false entry in a vessel’s oil record book is a ground for an indictment resulting in fines and imprisonment. We would advise these consequences would not fall under P&I Club cover and owners are strongly advised to educate their crew on the seriousness of these laws.<\/p>\n

\u9690\u7792\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6216\u5236\u5ea6\u89c4\u5b9a\u5fc5\u987b\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdd\u89c4\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f2a\u9020\u8239\u8236\u6cb9\u7c7b\u8bb0\u5f55\u672c\u8bb0\u8f7d\u5185\u5bb9\u5c06\u88ab\u63a7\u544a\u5e76\u5904\u4ee5\u7f5a\u6b3e\u548c\u76d1\u7981\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fe0\u544a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4fdd\u8d54\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u627f\u4fdd\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u70c8\u5efa\u8bae\u8239\u4e1c\u6559\u80b2\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8239\u5458\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u3002<\/span> <\/p>\n

Perjury and witness tampering<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u4f2a\u8bc1\u53ca\u8d3f\u8d42\u8bc1\u4eba
<\/span><\/strong>
US laws provide for severe penalties for false information to a Government representative. Influencing, witness tampering, corrupting officials and destroying evidence results in a criminal offence with imprisonment of up to 10 years. These consequences do not fall under P&I Club cover.<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e25\u683c\u5904\u7f5a\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u8868\u63d0\u4f9b\u865a\u5047\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u8d3f\u8d42\u8bc1\u4eba\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u9500\u6bc1\u8bc1\u636e\u5bfc\u81f4\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u5c06\u5904\u4ee5\u6700\u9ad810\u5e74\u7684\u76d1\u7981\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540e\u679c\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4fdd\u8d54\u534f\u4f1a\u4fdd\u5355\u8303\u56f4\u3002
<\/span><\/p>\n

22 Mar 2004<\/div>\n
back<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

US laws in environmental cases Various US laws are available to criminally prosecute owners, masters, crew in an environmental offence such as MARPOL and we suggest owners are aware of the potential seriousness of these violations when trading to the US. \u8bb8\u591a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8239\u4e1c\uff0c\u8239\u957f\u548c\u8239\u5458\u8fdd\u53cd\u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u6cd5\u89c4\u8bf8\u5982\u56fd\u9645\u9632\u6c61\u67d3\u516c\u7ea6\uff08MARPOL\uff09\u7b49\u8bfe\u4ee5\u5211\u4e8b\u5904\u7f5a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u8bf7\u8239\u4e1c\u660e\u767d\u53bb\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8239\u8236\u5bf9\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fdd\u72af\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u540e\u679c\u3002 Act to prevent pollution from ships \u9632\u6b62\u8239\u8236\u9020\u6210\u6c61\u67d3\u6cd5\u4ee4 Adopts as US law the provisions […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8065,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[125],"class_list":["post-8431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-local-information","tag-english"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8431"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21376,"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8431\/revisions\/21376"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8065"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}