{"id":10635,"date":"2012-05-31T07:17:05","date_gmt":"2012-05-31T07:17:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/192.168.1.14\/index.php\/2012\/05\/31\/%e5%9b%a0%e6%95%a3%e8%a3%85%e8%b4%a7%e7%89%a9%e7%86%8f%e8%92%b8%e5%af%bc%e8%87%b4%e8%88%b9%e5%91%98%e6%ad%bb%e4%ba%a1%e6%a1%88%e4%be%8b\/"},"modified":"2025-08-29T13:07:30","modified_gmt":"2025-08-29T05:07:30","slug":"%e5%9b%a0%e6%95%a3%e8%a3%85%e8%b4%a7%e7%89%a9%e7%86%8f%e8%92%b8%e5%af%bc%e8%87%b4%e8%88%b9%e5%91%98%e6%ad%bb%e4%ba%a1%e6%a1%88%e4%be%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/%e5%9b%a0%e6%95%a3%e8%a3%85%e8%b4%a7%e7%89%a9%e7%86%8f%e8%92%b8%e5%af%bc%e8%87%b4%e8%88%b9%e5%91%98%e6%ad%bb%e4%ba%a1%e6%a1%88%e4%be%8b\/","title":{"rendered":"\u56e0\u6563\u88c5\u8d27\u7269\u718f\u84b8\u5bfc\u81f4\u8239\u5458\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6848\u4f8b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9071\" src=\"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/06\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" \/>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/B237_Gard-AS-Case-study-no-28-Fumigation-of-bulk-cargoes-chi.pdf\">\u4e2d\u6587<\/a> &nbsp;&nbsp;<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9071\" src=\"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/06\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" \/>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/B237_Gard-AS-Case-study-no-28-Fumigation-of-bulk-cargoes.pdf\">ENG<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u4e00\u8258\u6563\u8d27\u8239\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd4-5\u5929\u8c37\u7269\u8fd0\u8f93\u822a\u6b21\u5408\u540c\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6740\u706d\u8d27\u7269\u91cc\u7684\u5bb3\u866b\uff0c\u6258\u8fd0\u4eba\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u822a\u7a0b\u4e2d\u718f\u84b8\u8d27\u7269\uff0c\u718f\u84b8\u91c7\u7528\u78f7\u5316\u94dd\u836f\u7247\u3002\u78f7\u5316\u94dd\u836f\u7247\u4e0e\u8239\u8231\u5185\u7684\u6c34\u6216\u6f6e\u6e7f\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u63a5\u89e6\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u78f7\u5316\u6c22\u6c14\u4f53\u3002\u6c14\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u4e3b\u8981\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8d27\u7269\u7684\u6e7f\u5ea6\uff0c\u8ba9\u6c14\u4f53\u5b8c\u5168\u91ca\u653e\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u73af\u5883\u662f\u70ed\u5e26\u53ca\u4e9a\u70ed\u5e26\u6c14\u5019\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u9700\u89814-5\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4f46\u88c5\u8d27\u65f6\uff0c\u5929\u6c14\u53c8\u51b7\u53c8\u5e72\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u718f\u84b8\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u5927\u526f\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u5230\u8239\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8231\u53e3\u56f4\u677f\u3001\u8231\u76d6\u3001\u7532\u677f\u533a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u5e76\u5feb\u901f\u770b\u4e86\u770b\u7a7a\u8d27\u8231\u3002\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u68c0\u67e5\u540e\uff0c\u718f\u84b8\u4eba\u5458\u5411\u5927\u526f\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u78f7\u5316\u6c22\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c14\u4f53\u5373\u4fbf\u6d53\u5ea6\u5f88\u4f4e\u4e5f\u4f1a\u81f4\u547d\u3002\u5e76\u544a\u8bc9\u5927\u526f\u8b66\u544a\u8239\u5458\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5927\u849c\u6c14\u5473\u3002\u8c08\u8bdd\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u718f\u84b8\u4eba\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e24\u5957\u5e26\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\u7684\u9632\u6bd2\u9762\u5177\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c14\u4f53\u5feb\u901f\u68c0\u6d4b\u7bb1\uff0c\u718f\u84b8\u4eba\u5458\u5411\u5927\u526f\u89e3\u91ca\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8239\u4e0a\u76f8\u5173\u533a\u57df\u653e\u7f6e\u6709\u6bd2\u6c14\u4f53\u8b66\u544a\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u8239\u5458\u751f\u6d3b\u533a\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u5e94\u8be5\u59cb\u7ec8\u5173\u95ed\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u533a\u7684\u901a\u98ce\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u5e94\u4e00\u5e76\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u8239\u5458\u53ea\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u6d74\u5ba4\u548c\u536b\u751f\u95f4\u7684\u6392\u98ce\u6247\u3002\u88c5\u8d27\u5b8c\u6bd5\uff0c\u718f\u84b8\u836f\u7247\u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u8d27\u7269\u4e2d\u3002\u718f\u84b8\u4eba\u5458\u5c06\u4fdd\u6301\u8239\u4e0a\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u6b63\u5f0f\u8f6c\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5927\u526f\u3002<\/p>\n<p 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style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u8239\u8236\u5230\u6e2f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u718f\u84b8\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e0a\u8239\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u8239\u5458\u751f\u6d3b\u533a\u5230\u5904\u90fd\u662f\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u7684\u78f7\u5316\u6c22\u6c14\u4f53\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u751f\u75c5\u8239\u5458\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u3002\u5f53\u62c6\u4e0b\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u886c\u548c\u7edd\u7f18\u5c42\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8d27\u8231\u901a\u98ce\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u524d\u7aef\u7684\u5171\u6709\u8231\u58c1\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u88ab\u8150\u8680\u7684\u5c0f\u5b54\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u6d74\u5ba4\u548c\u536b\u751f\u95f4\u7684\u6392\u98ce\u6247\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u751f\u6d3b\u533a\u7684\u6c14\u538b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5371\u9669\u6c14\u4f53\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5165\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e3b\u7532\u677f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u8239\u5458\u623f\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u5378\u8d27\u6e2f\uff0c\u82b1\u4e86\u6574\u6574\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u65f6\u95f4\u6e05\u9664\u8d27\u8231\u4e2d\u6c14\u4f53\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5378\u8d27\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u534f\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f7f\u76f8\u5173\u4eba\u5458\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u8239\u5458\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u6d77\u4e8b\u7ec4\u7ec7 &#8220;\u8239\u4e0a\u5b89\u5168\u4f7f\u7528\u6740\u866b\u5242\u5efa\u8bae\u6848&#8221; \u65b9\u9762\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u718f\u84b8\u524d\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\uff08\u8239\u8236\u548c\u8d27\u8231\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u8239\u5458\u751f\u6d3b\u533a\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u533a\u7684\u6c14\u5bc6\u6027\uff09<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u718f\u84b8\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u8239\u957f\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff08\u6b63\u5f0f\u4e66\u9762\u4ea4\u63a5\uff0c\u8b66\u544a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u8239\u5458\u7b80\u62a5\uff09\u8239\u8236\u548c\u822a\u7a0b\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08\u822a\u7a0b\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u822a\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u8d27\u7269\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u673a\u68b0\u901a\u98ce\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff09<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8239\u4e0a\u5b89\u5168\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u6027\u548c\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u8239\u5458\u57f9\u8bad\uff09<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u822a\u884c\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u68c0\u67e5\uff08\u6d4b\u8bd5\u95f4\u9694\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\uff09<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u751f\u75c5\u8239\u5458\uff08\u5438\u5165\u6c14\u4f53\u540e\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\u548c\u8239\u4e0a\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u534f\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u63d0\u9192\u4f1a\u5458\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\u718f\u84b8\u65f6\u5bf9\u6740\u866b\u5242\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u52a0\u5f3a\u8239\u5458\u57f9\u8bad\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5b89\u5168\u8bbe\u5907\u72b6\u51b5\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u505a\u597d\u718f\u84b8\u7684\u4ea4\u63a5\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u822a\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u523b\u6ce8\u610f\u5b89\u5168\u68c0\u67e5\u5e76\u505a\u597d\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8239\u4e0a\u6025\u6551\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u8239\u5458\u4e2d\u6bd2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u9644\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; color: #022469;\"><strong>Case study : Fumigation of bulk cargoes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A bulk carrier was contracted to carry a cargo of grain on a voyage taking 4-5 days. In order to kill insects in the cargo, the shippers asked for the cargo to be fumigated during the voyage. Aluminium phosphide tablets were used for the fumigation. They develop hydrogen phosphide gas when in contact with water or the moist atmosphere in the cargo holds. The rate of development of gas from such tablets depends heavily on the humidity of the cargo and the most favourable conditions for the complete release are in tropical and subtropical climates, where 4-5 days are normally sufficient. At the time of loading the weather was cold and dry.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The fumigator came onboard and, together with the Chief Officer, carried out an inspection of the hatch coamings, hatch covers and deck areas and also had a quick look at the empty cargo holds. Upon completion of the inspection, the fumigator briefed the Chief Officer about the dangers of hydrogen phosphide gas, that the gas can be deadly to humans even in very low concentrations, and told him to alert the crew to its distinctive smell of garlic. Two sets of gas masks with filters and one gas detection kit were supplied during the briefing and the fumigator explained to the Chief Officer how to use the equipment and warning signs for toxic gas were placed in relevant areas onboard. It was further agreed that the doors into the accommodation area should be kept closed at all times and the ventilation system for the accommodation area should be shut down. The crew members were only allowed to use the extraction fans from bathroom and toilets. The vessel was loaded and the fumigation tablets placed in the cargo. The formal handover of the responsibility for maintaining safe conditions onboard was carried out between the fumigator and the Chief Officer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Two days into the voyage, the vessel experienced some bad weather and when one crew member fell ill, he was thought to be either seasick or experiencing some gastric problems. As he had a headache, felt dizzy and vomited, he was told to lie down in his cabin until he felt better. Gas concentration safety checks were carried out once a day but the crew members delegated to the task were not familiar with the supplied test equipment. It was also discovered that the expiry date of the test tubes had passed. No recordings were made in the ship&#8217;s logbook. After having spent two days in his cabin without getting better, the sick crew member was found dead the next morning. Other crew members had also experienced dizziness and headaches during the voyage but they had recovered by working outside in the fresh air.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When arriving in port, an expert from a fumigation company came onboard the vessel and found high concentrations of hydrogen phosphide gas in various parts of the accommodation area, including the cabin of the diseased crew member. When stripping down the lining and the insulation inside the superstructure, some small corroded holes were found in the common bulkhead between a ventilator from the cargo hold and the front of the superstructure. The extraction fans in the bathrooms and toilets had created a slight under-pressure in the accommodation area and made it possible for the dangerous gases to be drawn into the cabins located on the lower deck. At the receiving port, there was gas emission in the cargo holds for a full month, delaying the discharge of the cargo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Keywords for discussion:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The crew&#8217;s knowledge of IMO&#8217;s &#8220;Recommendations on the safe use of pesticides in ships&#8221;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pre-fumigation inspection (general condition of the vessel and cargo holds, gas-tightness vis-\u00e0-vis accommodation and work spaces)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fumigator&#8217;s and Master&#8217;s responsibilities (formal written handover, warning signs, crew briefing)Vessel and voyage specific procedures (length of voyage, climate and cargo conditions during voyage, operation of mechanical ventilation systems)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Safety equipment available onboard (adequacy and condition of equipment, crew training)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Safety checks during the voyage (test intervals, recordings)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Illness amongst crew (knowledge of symptoms of gas inhalation, treatment onboard)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">See attached file : Gard AS &#8211; Case study no 28 Fumigation of bulk cargoes.pdf<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;CHN &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ENG 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\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8239\u4e0a\u5b89\u5168\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u6027\u548c\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u8239\u5458\u57f9\u8bad\uff09 \u822a\u884c\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u68c0\u67e5\uff08\u6d4b\u8bd5\u95f4\u9694\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\uff09 \u751f\u75c5\u8239\u5458\uff08\u5438\u5165\u6c14\u4f53\u540e\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\u548c\u8239\u4e0a\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09 \u534f\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u63d0\u9192\u4f1a\u5458\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\u718f\u84b8\u65f6\u5bf9\u6740\u866b\u5242\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u52a0\u5f3a\u8239\u5458\u57f9\u8bad\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5b89\u5168\u8bbe\u5907\u72b6\u51b5\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u505a\u597d\u718f\u84b8\u7684\u4ea4\u63a5\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u822a\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u523b\u6ce8\u610f\u5b89\u5168\u68c0\u67e5\u5e76\u505a\u597d\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8239\u4e0a\u6025\u6551\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u8239\u5458\u4e2d\u6bd2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002 \u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u9644\u4ef6\u3002 &nbsp; Case study : Fumigation of bulk cargoes A bulk carrier was contracted to carry a cargo of grain on a voyage taking 4-5 days. In order to kill insects in the cargo, the shippers asked for the [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9071,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[124],"class_list":["post-10635","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-case-studies","tag-chinese"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10635","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10635"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10635\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20383,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10635\/revisions\/20383"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9071"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10635"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10635"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10635"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}