{"id":10685,"date":"2012-03-10T02:44:49","date_gmt":"2012-03-10T02:44:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/192.168.1.14\/index.php\/2012\/03\/10\/what-level-of-limit-is-it-enough-to-cover-non-tanker-owner-s-liability-to-pollution-incident\/"},"modified":"2025-09-01T01:21:49","modified_gmt":"2025-08-31T17:21:49","slug":"what-level-of-limit-is-it-enough-to-cover-non-tanker-owner-s-liability-to-pollution-incident","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/what-level-of-limit-is-it-enough-to-cover-non-tanker-owner-s-liability-to-pollution-incident\/","title":{"rendered":"What level of limit is it enough to cover non-tanker owner&#8217;s liability to pollution incident\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9071\" src=\"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/06\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" style=\"padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify;\" \/><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/B194_ALCO20120016What-level-of-limit-is-it-enough-to-cover-non-tanker-owners-liability-to-pollution-incident.pdf\" style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify;\">ENG<\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp;<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9071\" src=\"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/06\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" style=\"padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify;\" \/><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/B194_ALCO20120016What-level-of-limit-is-it-enough-to-cover-non-tanker-owners-liability-to-pollution-incident-chi.pdf\" style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u4e2d\u6587<\/a><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">To tell the extent of the shipowner&#8217;s liability to a bunker pollution claim, we should refer to the national law of a country which is always the definitive source of law. Some countries will make national law in order to implement provisions set in the international conventions when these countries have signed to ratify these international conventions.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">For bunker pollution, there are several international conventions which provide liability regimes for non-tankers:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">Convention of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">1996 Protocol to the Convention of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">As advised, countries which have ratified these international conventions, will have their national law to implement its provisions, however sometimes with variations. Some countries impose stricter national legislation upon ships and shipowners.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">Below is the calculation of the shipowner&#8217;s liability to a bunker pollution claim in accordance with the above 3 international convention:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">As at 31st January 2012, 66 countries have ratified the Bunker Convention 2001.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">The International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution 2001 is designed to provide a system of compensation for the victims of oil pollution damage caused by bunker spills from non-tankers in the waters of a contracting state. Shipowners (defined as including registered owners, bareboat charterers, managers and operators) will have strict liability for pollution damage but will be entitled to limit that liability.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">In accordance to Article 7 in the CLC 2001, it requires registered owner to maintain insurance to cover the liability of the registered owner for pollution damage in the amount equal to the limits of liability under the applicable national or international limitation regime, but not exceeding an amount calculated in accordance with the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 1976, as amended.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">In fact the CLC 2001 includes no provisions on the limitation of liability but it will be calculated in accordance with the applicable national or international regime, i.e. an amount calculated in accordance with the Convention of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976 ( &#8220;LLMC&#8221; ), as amended by the 1996 protocol ( &#8220;1996 LLMC Protocol&#8221; ), where applicable. Therefore we should refer to LLMC 1976 and 1996 to assess the actual limit of liability.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">Convention of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">Article 6 (1)(a)(b) in LLMC 1976 states the calculation of limits of liability in respect of claims for loss of life, personal injury and other claims (including pollution) as follows:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">(a) in respect of claims for loss of life or personal injury,<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">333,000 Units of Account for a ship with a tonnage not exceeding 500 tons,<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for a ship with a tonnage in excess thereof, the following amount in addition to that mentioned in (i):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton from 501 to 3,000 tons, 500 Units of Account;<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton from 3,001 to 30,000 tons, 333 Units of Account;<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton from 30,001 to 70,000 tons, 250 Units of Account; and<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton in excess of 70,000 tons, 167 Units of Account.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">(b) in respect of any other claims,<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">167,000 Units of Account for a ship with a tonnage not exceeding 500 tons,<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for a ship with a tonnage in excess thereof the following amount in addition to that mentioned in (i):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton from 501 to 30,000 tons, 167 Units of Account;<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton from 30,001 to 70,000 tons, 125 Units of Account; and<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton in excess of 70,000 tons, 83 Units of Account.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">The &#8220;Units&#8221; herein the LLMC refers to &#8220;Special Drawing Right&#8221; . Therefore, for a vessel of 20,000 GT, the limit of liability should be calculated as follows:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">&lt; in respect of claims for loss of life or personal injury&gt;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">First 500 tons \u2192 333,000 SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">501 ~ 3,000 tons \u2192 500 SDR x 2,500 tons = 1,250,000 SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">3,001 ~ 20,000 tons \u2192 333 SDR x 17,000 tons = 5,661,000 SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">Total limit of liability = 7,244,000 (equivalent to USD 11,190,357 as at today&#8217;s exchange rate)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">&lt; in respect of any other claims&gt;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">First 500 tons \u2192 167,000 SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">501 ~ 20,000 tons \u2192 167 SDR x 19,500 tons = 3,256,500 SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">Total limit of liability = 3,423,500 (equivalent to USD 5,288,541 as at today&#8217;s exchange rate)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">As at 31st January 2012, 64 countries regulate the right to limit liability in accordance with the LLMC 1976.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">1996 Protocol to the Convention of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">In 1996, a protocol to the LLMC 1976 was agreed to significantly increase the amount of compensation for loss of life, personal injury and other claims. Under the 1996 LLMC Protocol, the limit of liability for claims other than passenger claims for ships is calculation as follows:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">(a) in respect of claims for loss of life or personal injury,<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">(i) 2,000,000 Units of Account for a ship with a tonnage not exceeding 2,000 tons,<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">(ii) for a ship with a tonnage in excess thereof, the following amount in addition to that mentioned in (i):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton from 2,001 to 30,000 tons, 800 Units of Account;<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton from 30,001 to 70,000 tons, 600 Units of Account; and<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton in excess of 70,000 tons, 400 Units of Account<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">(b) in respect of any other claims,<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">(i) 1,000,000 Units of Account for a ship with a tonnage not exceeding 2,000 tons,<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">(ii) for a ship with a tonnage in excess thereof, the following amount in addition to that mentioned in (i):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton from 2,001 to 30,000 tons, 400 Units of Account;<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton from 30,001 to 70,000 tons, 300 Units of Account; and<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">for each ton in excess of 70,000 tons, 200 Units of Account<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">Therefore, for a vessel of 20,000 GT, the limit of liability should be calculated as follows:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">&lt; in respect of claims for loss of life or personal injury&gt;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">First 2,000 tons \u2192 2,000,000 SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">2,001 ~ 20,000 tons \u2192 800 SDR x 18,000 tons = 14,400,000 SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">Total limit of liability = 16,400,000 (equivalent to USD 25,334,328 as at today&#8217;s exchange rate)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">&lt; in respect of any other claims&gt;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">First 2,000 tons \u2192 1,000,000 SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">2,001 ~ 20,000 tons \u2192 400 SDR x 18,000 tons = 7,200,000 SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">Total limit of liability = 8,200,000 (equivalent to USD 12,667,164 as at today&#8217;s exchange rate)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">As at 31st January 2012, 46 countries have agreed to be bound by the Protocol 1996.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">Conclusion<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">Based on the above calculation, if the incident occurred in a country which has ratified the above international conventions, the shipowner&#8217;s liability to claims arising from bunker pollution could be limited to the amount as calculated in accordance to their GT. In general, in a standard P&amp;I cover provided by the 13 International Group Clubs, the limit of liability in respect of oil pollution is US$ 1 billion, which is much higher than the level of compensation required upon one shipowner following an oil pollution incident.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">However, if a country has not ratified CLC 2001, then the shipowner of a non-tanker vessel may face claims where its liability is unlimited as has happened following the case of the &#8220;Tasman Spirit&#8221; in Pakistan in 2003.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">We would like to remind shipowners that United States has an unilateral legislation in respect of pollution. New Federal oil pollution legislation permits individual states to enact their own legislation and gives them the ability to impose unlimited liability and take civil action against the polluter.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">See attached file : ALCO20120016What level of limit is it enough to cover non-tanker owner&#8217;s liability to pollution incident.pdf<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; color: #022469;\"><strong>\u975e\u6cb9\u8f6e\u8239\u4e1c\u7684\u8239\u8236\u6cb9\u6c61\u635f\u5bb3\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u63d0\u5230\u8239\u4e1c\u71c3\u6cb9\u6c61\u67d3\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u76f8\u5173\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6e0a\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u53c2\u52a0\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u540e\u4f1a\u5236\u8ba2\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u843d\u5b9e\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u5173\u4e8e\u71c3\u6cb9\u6c61\u67d3\u635f\u5bb3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u90e8\u516c\u7ea6\u89c4\u8303\u4e86\u975e\u6cb9\u8f6e\u8239\u4e1c\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u300a2001\u5e74\u71c3\u6cb9\u6c61\u67d3\u635f\u5bb3\u6c11\u4e8b\u8d23\u4efb\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea6\u300b<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea61996\u5e74\u8bae\u5b9a\u4e66\u300b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u4e4b\u524d\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5404\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u53c2\u52a0\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u540e\u4f1a\u5236\u8ba2\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u65bd\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u6709\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u4f1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u5bf9\u6240\u5c5e\u8239\u8236\u548c\u8239\u4e1c\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u4e09\u9879\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u9488\u5bf9\u8239\u4e1c\u71c3\u6cb9\u6c61\u67d3\u635f\u5bb3\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u300a2001\u5e74\u71c3\u6cb9\u6c61\u67d3\u635f\u5bb3\u6c11\u4e8b\u8d23\u4efb\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u300a2001\u71c3\u6cb9\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u622a\u6b622012\u5e741\u670831\u65e5\uff0c\u5171\u670966\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u300a2001\u71c3\u6cb9\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u516c\u7ea6\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u5957\u8d54\u507f\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u56e0\u975e\u6cb9\u8f6e\u8239\u8236\u5728\u516c\u7ea6\u4f1a\u5458\u56fd\u6c34\u57df\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u71c3\u6cb9\u6c61\u67d3\u4e8b\u6545\u800c\u906d\u53d7\u635f\u5931\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u3002 &#8220;\u8239\u8236\u6240\u6709\u4eba&#8221; \uff08\u7cfb\u6307\u8239\u8236\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8239\u8236\u7684\u767b\u8bb0\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u3001\u5149\u8239\u627f\u79df\u4eba\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u548c\u7ecf\u8425\u4eba\u5728\u5185\uff09\u9002\u7528\u4e25\u683c\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eab\u53d7\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u300a2001\u71c3\u6cb9\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c7\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u8239\u8236\u7684\u767b\u8bb0\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u4fdd\u9669\u4ee5\u627f\u62c5\u5176\u6c61\u67d3\u635f\u5bb3\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u91d1\u989d\u7b49\u4e8e\u9002\u7528\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u56fd\u9645\u9650\u5236\u673a\u5236\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5747\u4e0d\u5e94\u8d85\u8fc7\u6309\u7167\u7ecf\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u6240\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6570\u989d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u300a2001\u71c3\u6cb9\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u89c4\u5b9a\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u6309\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u6216\u56fd\u9645\u89c4\u5b9a\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea61996\u5e74\u8bae\u5b9a\u4e66\u300b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u8ba1\u7b97\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u989d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u53ca\u51761996\u5e74\u8bae\u5b9a\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea6\u300b<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c6\u67611\u6b3e\uff08a\uff09(b)\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4eba\u8eab\u4f24\u4ea1\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u7d22\u8d54\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6cb9\u6c61\uff09\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u989d\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">(a) \u6709\u5173\u4eba\u8eab\u4f24\u4ea1\u7684\u7d22\u8d54\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u51e1\u5428\u4f4d\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7500\u5428\u7684\u8239\u8236\uff0c\u4e3a333,000\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u51e1\u5428\u4f4d\u8d85\u8fc7500\u5428\u7684\u8239\u8236\uff0c\u9664\u7b2c(i)\u9879\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u589e\u52a0\u4e0b\u5217\u6570\u989d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u81ea501\u5428\u81f33,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a500\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u81ea3,001\u5428\u81f330,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a333\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u81ea30,001\u5428\u81f370,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a250\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u8d85\u8fc770,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a167\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">(b) \u6709\u5173\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7d22\u8d54\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u51e1\u5428\u4f4d\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7500\u5428\u7684\u8239\u8236\uff0c\u4e3a167,000\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u51e1\u5428\u4f4d\u8d85\u8fc7500\u5428\u7684\u8239\u8236\uff0c\u9664\u7b2c(i)\u9879\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u589e\u52a0\u4e0b\u5217\u6570\u989d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u81ea501\u5428\u81f330,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a167\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u81ea30,001\u5428\u81f370,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a125\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u8d85\u8fc770,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a83\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\u662fSDR(\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u6b3e\u6743)\u3002\u4e00\u67612\u4e07\u603b\u5428\u8239\u8236\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u8ba1\u7b97\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">&lt;\u4eba\u8eab\u4f24\u4ea1\u7d22\u8d54&gt;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">500\u5428 \u2192 333,000SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">501\u5428\uff5e3,000\u5428 \u2192 500SDR x 2,500\u5428 = 1,250,000SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">3,001\u5428\uff5e20,000\u5428 \u2192 333SDR x 17,000\u5428 = 5,661,000SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u603b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u989d = 7,244,000SDR(\u6309\u7167\u5f53\u524d\u6c47\u7387\u8ba1\u7b97\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e11,190,357\u7f8e\u5143)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">&lt;\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7d22\u8d54&gt;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">500\u5428 \u2192 167,000SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">501\u5428\uff5e20,000\u5428 \u2192 167SDR x 19,500\u5428 = 3,256,500SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u603b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u989d = 3,423,500SDR(\u6309\u7167\u5f53\u524d\u6c47\u7387\u8ba1\u7b97\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e5,288,541\u7f8e\u5143)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u622a\u6b622012\u5e741\u670831\u65e5\uff0c\u5171\u670964\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u7528\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea61996\u5e74\u8bae\u5b9a\u4e66\u300b<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea61996\u5e74\u8bae\u5b9a\u4e66\u300b\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u4eba\u8eab\u4f24\u4ea1\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u7d22\u8d54\u91d1\u989d\u3002\u9664\u8239\u4e0a\u65c5\u5ba2\u7d22\u8d54\u5916\uff0c\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u8ba1\u7b97\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">(a) \u6709\u5173\u4eba\u8eab\u4f24\u4ea1\u7684\u7d22\u8d54<\/p>\n<ol style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u51e1\u5428\u4f4d\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc72,000\u603b\u5428\u7684\u8239\u8236\uff0c\u4e3a2,000,000\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u51e1\u5428\u4f4d\u8d85\u8fc72,000\u603b\u5428\u7684\u8239\u8236\uff0c\u9664\u7b2c(i)\u9879\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u589e\u52a0\u4e0b\u5217\u6570\u989d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u81ea2,001\u5428\u81f330,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a800\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u81ea30,001\u5428\u81f370,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a600\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u8d85\u8fc770,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a400\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">(b) \u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7d22\u8d54<\/p>\n<ol style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u51e1\u5428\u4f4d\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc72,000\u603b\u5428\u7684\u8239\u8236\uff0c\u4e3a1,000,000\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u51e1\u5428\u4f4d\u8d85\u8fc72,000\u603b\u5428\u7684\u8239\u8236\uff0c\u9664\u7b2c(i)\u9879\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u589e\u52a0\u4e0b\u5217\u6570\u989d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u81ea2,001\u5428\u81f330,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a400\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u81ea30,001\u5428\u81f370,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a300\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u8d85\u8fc770,000\u5428\uff0c\u6bcf\u5428\u4e3a200\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">2\u4e07\u603b\u5428\u8239\u8236\uff0c\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u8ba1\u7b97\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">&lt;\u4eba\u8eab\u4f24\u4ea1\u7d22\u8d54&gt;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">2,000\u5428 \u2192 2,000,000SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">2,001\u5428\uff5e20,000\u5428 \u2192 800SDR x 18,000\u5428 = 14,400,000SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u603b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u989d = 16,400,000SDR(\u6309\u7167\u5f53\u524d\u6c47\u7387\u8ba1\u7b97\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e25,334,328\u7f8e\u5143)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">&lt;\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7d22\u8d54&gt;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none; text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">2,000\u5428 \u2192 1,000,000SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">2,001\u5428\uff5e20,000\u5428 \u2192 400SDR x 18,000\u5428 = 7,200,000SDR<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;\">\u603b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u989d = 8,200,000SDR(\u6309\u7167\u5f53\u524d\u6c47\u7387\u8ba1\u7b97\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e12,667,164\u7f8e\u5143)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u622a\u6b622012\u5e741\u670831\u65e5\uff0c\u5171\u670946\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u7528\u300a1976\u5e74\u6d77\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7ea61996\u5e74\u8bae\u5b9a\u4e66\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u603b\u7ed3<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u7efc\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u71c3\u6cb9\u6c61\u67d3\u8d23\u4efb\u4e8b\u6545\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5236\u8ba2\u76f8\u5e94\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u65bd\u884c\u4e09\u9879\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8239\u4e1c\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u989d\u6839\u636e\u8239\u8236\u603b\u5428\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u4fdd\u8d54\u534f\u4f1a\u96c6\u56e2\u4e0b13\u5bb6\u56fd\u9645\u4fdd\u8d54\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u4fdd\u5355\u901a\u5e38\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6cb9\u6c61\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u989d\u662f10\u4ebf\u7f8e\u91d1\uff0c\u8fdc\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u8239\u4e1c\u53d1\u751f\u6cb9\u6c61\u4e8b\u6545\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u7d22\u8d54\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u56fd\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u52a0\u300a2001\u5e74\u71c3\u6cb9\u6c61\u67d3\u635f\u5bb3\u6c11\u4e8b\u8d23\u4efb\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08\u5373\u71c3\u6cb9\u516c\u7ea6\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u975e\u6cb9\u8f6e\u8239\u4e1c\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u4e34\u4e0e2003\u5e74 &#8220;Tasman Spirit&#8221; \u53f7\u8239\u8236\u5728\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5854\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5883\u5730\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u53d7\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u5728\u6b64\u63d0\u9192\u8239\u4e1c\u6ce8\u610f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5173\u4e8e\u6cb9\u6c61\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u5355\u8fb9\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6cb9\u6c61\u635f\u5bb3\u7acb\u6cd5\u5141\u8bb8\u5404\u5dde\u5236\u8ba2\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8ffd\u7a76\u6cb9\u6c61\u8d23\u4efb\u4eba\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4e14\u8d23\u4efb\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u8d23\u4efb\u9650\u5236\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7531 ANDREW LIU &amp; CO.,LTD \u7f16\u8bd1\uff0c\u5e94\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u4e3a\u51c6\uff01<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u9644\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; color: #022469;\"><strong><br \/><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;ENG&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;CHN&nbsp;&nbsp; To tell the extent of the shipowner&#8217;s liability to a bunker pollution claim, we should refer to the national law of a country which is always the definitive source of law. Some countries will make national law in order to implement provisions set in the international conventions when these countries have signed to [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9071,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[125],"class_list":["post-10685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-circulars","tag-english"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10685","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10685"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10685\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20472,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10685\/revisions\/20472"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9071"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10685"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10685"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrewliu.com.hk\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10685"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}