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非美国及非欧盟公司也需要遵守美国和欧盟针对伊朗的制裁。

我们建议船舶在执行前往伊朗的航次前获得保赔协会的建议和法律意见，但是协会给出的意见只具有指导性，因为没有任何个人或机构可以保证某个航次是否合法。

联合国、欧盟及美国是制裁伊朗的三大机构和国家，具体请见下文总结。其他国家，包括瑞士、日本、澳大利亚和加拿大也宣布了其制裁。

联合国

  • 2006年至2010年期间，联合国针对伊朗拒绝与国际原子能协会(IAEA)合作已做出了四次制裁。
  • 这些制裁包括禁止向伊朗提供武器及核相关技术，禁止伊朗武器出口，以及对某些公司和个人实行资产冻结。
  • 2010年通过的决议允许欧盟实行检查以检测和阻止这类贸易。

欧盟

  • 欧盟制裁包括禁止可能用于制造[核]铀浓缩（uranium enrichment）的货物的贸易。
  • 欧盟也对某些公司和个人实行资产冻结。
  • 2011年，欧盟通过决议禁止向伊朗出口用于精炼和生产天然气的设备和技术。
  • 在欧盟法下向任何伊朗实体或个人提供任何形式的担保是不合法的。

美国

  • 美国制裁禁止几乎所有与伊朗的贸易，唯一的例外是该行为有利于伊朗人民，如出口医疗和农业设备。
  • 2011年11月，美国扩大与伊朗石油和石化产业有关的制裁。
  • 2011年12月，美国禁止与伊朗中央银行交易。
  • 美国法案（The Comprehensive Iran Sanctions，Accountability and Divestment Act 2010) 提出，提供保费少于一百万美金的保险是不合法的。
  • 美国法律禁止美国人/公司与美国财政部外国资产控制办公室 （OFAC）公布名单中的个人和公司交易。名单可以在以下网址找到：
    www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/SDN-List/Pages/default.aspx

2012年1月，俄罗斯声明他们将拒绝任何对伊朗的进一步制裁，中国、印度和土耳其也作出同样的声明。鉴于中国和俄罗斯在联合国安理会有否决权，联合国通过禁止伊朗石油贸易的制裁的可能性不大。但是正如我们将在总结中解释的那样，即使相关的联合国制裁没有获得通过, 美国和欧盟都仍将继续执行和强加他们的制裁于外国实体。

总结

    1. 遵守联合国制裁很重要。仅遵守联合国决议可能并不难，但是欧盟和美国强加的额外制裁却更加广泛，并且这些制裁将很可能也适用于外国实体(非美国和非欧盟实体)。
    2. 尽管美国法律可能被认为不适用于与美国管辖无关的船东、租家或者船舶，但是美国法律允许制裁扩大适用于外国实体。因此，美国法律扩大制裁范围到外国实体的这一威胁将导致外国实体，诸如外国保险人，也需要严格遵守美国法律。
    3. 同样, 所有船东和租家也需要遵守欧盟法，即使他们与欧盟没有关联，因为所有规范的海上保险最终会在伦敦或欧洲市场上进行再保险。

详细信息请参阅附件。


Iran Sanctions

Non US and non EU companies must also comply with US and EU sanctions.

The P&I Club’s guidance and possibly legal advice need to be obtained before the vessel trades to Iran, but I am sure the advices give by any party would be in the nature of a guidance only as no party will be in a position to guarantee whether a voyage is or is not lawful.

The UN, EU and US are the three important bodies or countries who have imposed sanctions on Iran, brief details summarized below. Several other countries including Switzerland, Japan, Australia and Canada have also issued their own sanctions.

The United Nations

  • The UN has issued four rounds of sanctions between 2006 and 2010 for Iran’s refusal to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA).
  • These sanctions include a ban on supply of weaponry and nuclear related technology to Iran, block on arms exports, and an asset freeze on certain companies and individuals.
  • The resolutions passed in 2010 permits the UN to carry out inspections to detect and stop such trades.

The European Union

  • The EU sanctions include a ban on trade which could be used for uranium enrichment.
  • The EU also has an asset freeze on certain companies and individuals.
  • In 2011, the EU passed a resolution banning the export to Iran of equipment and technology for refining and production of natural gas.
  • It is unlawful under EU law to provide any form of guarantees to any Iranian entities or persons.
  • In January 2012, the EU approved a ban on Iranian oil, a freeze of assets belonging to the Central Bank Of Iran and a ban of all trade in precious metals. There is a grace period for the ban on Iranian oil and all existing contracts must terminate on 1st July.

The United States

  • The US sanctions prohibit almost all trade with Iran, with exceptions only for activity intended to benefit the Iranian people such as export of medical and agricultural equipment.
  • In November 2011, the US expanded sanctions in relation to Iran’s oil and petrochemical industries.
  • In December 2011, the US imposed a law against dealing with Iran’s Centra Bank.
  • US law (The Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability and Divestment Act 2010) suggests that providing insurance where the premium is less than US$ 1 million is not illegal.
  • US law prohibits US persons/companies from dealing with individuals and companies named in a list kept by the US Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). This list can be found at
    www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/SDN-List/Pages/default.aspx

In January 2012, Russia has stated they will reject any further sanctions against Iran, and China and India and Turkey have also said the same. Accordingly the approval of an UN sanction banning the trade of Iranian oil is highly unlikely as both China and Russia have a veto at the UN Security Council. But as we shall explain in the conclusion, both the US and the EU will still be able to effectively carry out and impose its sanctions on foreign entities, even though similar UN sanctions have not been passed.

Conclusion

    1. It is important to comply with the UN sanctions. Complying only with UN resolutions may not be difficult but the additional sanctions imposed by the EU and the US are more extensive and as shall be explained would also likely be applicable to foreign entities(non US and non EU entities).
    2. Although US laws may be deemed not applicable to an owner, charterer or vessel which has no relation to US jurisdiction, US law allows the sanctions to be extended to apply to a foreign entity. Accordingly this threat of the US laws extending its reach to the foreign entity, effectively results in the foreign entity such as foreign insurers also needing to comply with US laws strictly.
    3. Similarly all owners and charterers will also need to comply with the EU laws even though they have no connection with the EU, in view all reputable marine insurances are ultimately reinsured to the London or European market.

See attached file : ALCO20120002Iran Sanctions.pdf